feat(core): Add scope attribute APIs

[Lms24]

This PR adds scope.setAttribute, scope.setAttributes and scope.removeAttribute methods, as specified in our develop docs.

This intial PR only enables setting the attributes as well as the usual scope data operations (clone(), update(), clear(), getSpanData()). These attributes are not yet applied to any of the telemetry we eventually want them to apply to. I'll take care of this in a follow-up PR.

closes #18140

ref https://linear.app/getsentry/project/implement-global-attributes-api-javascript-02c3c74184fc/issues

[Lms24]

In contrast to logs and metrics attribute definitions and helper functions, this one already handles array attributes. My thinking is, we introduce this here then unify logs, metrics (+ spans eventually) to use the types and APIs here. While we'll have to change the used types for logs and metrics, I don't think this is breaking as theoretically logs and metrics support subsets of the attribute value types specified here.

[github-actions]

size-limit report 📦

Path	Size	% Change	Change
@sentry/browser	24.84 kB	+0.94%	+231 B 🔺
@sentry/browser - with treeshaking flags	23.32 kB	+0.99%	+228 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing)	41.47 kB	+0.51%	+210 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Profiling)	45.75 kB	+0.48%	+215 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay)	79.94 kB	+0.28%	+219 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay) - with treeshaking flags	69.61 kB	+0.3%	+207 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay with Canvas)	84.61 kB	+0.24%	+195 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback)	96.8 kB	+0.23%	+217 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Feedback)	41.51 kB	+0.57%	+235 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. sendFeedback)	29.5 kB	+0.79%	+229 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. FeedbackAsync)	34.43 kB	+0.68%	+232 B 🔺
@sentry/react	26.51 kB	+0.86%	+225 B 🔺
@sentry/react (incl. Tracing)	43.43 kB	+0.5%	+213 B 🔺
@sentry/vue	29.31 kB	+0.78%	+225 B 🔺
@sentry/vue (incl. Tracing)	43.24 kB	+0.5%	+211 B 🔺
@sentry/svelte	24.85 kB	+0.94%	+231 B 🔺
CDN Bundle	27.05 kB	+0.57%	+152 B 🔺
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing)	42 kB	+0.48%	+197 B 🔺
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay)	78.52 kB	+0.25%	+192 B 🔺
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback)	84 kB	+0.24%	+197 B 🔺
CDN Bundle - uncompressed	79.78 kB	+1.2%	+945 B 🔺
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing) - uncompressed	124.88 kB	+0.72%	+884 B 🔺
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay) - uncompressed	240.91 kB	+0.37%	+884 B 🔺
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback) - uncompressed	253.68 kB	+0.35%	+884 B 🔺
@sentry/nextjs (client)	45.57 kB	+0.51%	+227 B 🔺
@sentry/sveltekit (client)	41.85 kB	+0.5%	+207 B 🔺
@sentry/node-core	51 kB	+0.37%	+184 B 🔺
@sentry/node	158.08 kB	+0.06%	+91 B 🔺
@sentry/node - without tracing	92.87 kB	+0.21%	+187 B 🔺
@sentry/aws-serverless	106.64 kB	+0.18%	+191 B 🔺

View base workflow run

[github-actions]

node-overhead report 🧳

Note: This is a synthetic benchmark with a minimal express app and does not necessarily reflect the real-world performance impact in an application.
⚠️ Warning: Base artifact is not the latest one, because the latest workflow run is not done yet. This may lead to incorrect results. Try to re-run all tests to get up to date results.

Scenario	Requests/s	% of Baseline	Prev. Requests/s	Change %
GET Baseline	9,157	-	8,878	+3%
GET With Sentry	1,308	14%	1,400	-7%
GET With Sentry (error only)	6,030	66%	6,141	-2%
POST Baseline	1,165	-	1,215	-4%
POST With Sentry	492	42%	533	-8%
POST With Sentry (error only)	1,023	88%	1,069	-4%
MYSQL Baseline	3,223	-	3,315	-3%
MYSQL With Sentry	416	13%	530	-22%
MYSQL With Sentry (error only)	2,606	81%	2,718	-4%

View base workflow run